The drilling machine is defined as a machine which is used to make a circular hole, a tool used to drill the holes of different size and other related operations using a drill bit. Parts of Drilling Machine
Following are the main parts of drilling machine:
- Base
- Column
- Table
- Radial Arm
- Drill head
- Spindle speed and Feed mechanism.
Base
The base is that part of the machine on which the verticle column is mounted. The base is made of casting. A base supports the column and worktable with other attachments.
The top of the base is round column section type upright drilling machined and has T-slots on it so that large workpieces and work holding devices may be set up and bolted to it. The base of the machine may be mounted on a bench or on the floor.
Column
The Column is the verticle member of the machine which supports the table and the head containing all the driving mechanism. It is a cylindrical casting mounted vertically at one end of the base and supports the radial arm, which slides up and down.
An electric motor at the top of the column helps in the vertical adjustment of the arm by rotating a screw passing through a nut attached to the arm.
Table
The table is mounted on the column and is provided with T-slots for clamping the work directly on its face. A table is round or rectangular in shape.
Radial Arm
It is mounted on the column and extends horizontally over the base. It has guideways on which drill head slides. The radial arm moves around the column.
Drill head
It is mounted on the redial arm and drives the drill spindle. In some of the drill machines, the drill head may be adjusted up or down for accommodating different heights of the work in addition to the table adjustment.
It encloses all the mechanism for driving the drill at a different speed and feeds. In lighter machines, the driving motor is mounted at the rear end of the head counterbalancing the weight of the drill spindle.
Spindle speed and feed mechanism
The motor at the top of the drill head drives the horizontal spindle and the motion is transmitted to the drill head through a group of bevel g
The motor at the top of the drill head drives the horizontal spindle and the motion is transmitted to the drill head through a group of bevel gears. With another group of gears, different spindle speed and feed are obtained. The main advantage of this types of drilling machine is that holes of variable sizes at any point and at any angles can be drilled on the large-sized workpiece without moving the workpiece.
- Multiple speed of the spindle may be obtained as follows:
- By step cone pulley drive
- By step cone pulley drive with one or more back gears
- gearing.
Types of Drilling Machine
Following are the 8 different types of drilling machine:
- Portable drilling machine
- Sensitive drilling machine
- Bench mounting sensitive drilling machine
- Floor column upright drilling machine
- Upright drilling machine
- Round column upright drilling machine
- Box column upright drilling machine
- Radial drilling machine
- Plain drilling machine
- Universal drilling machine
- Semi-universal drilling machine
- Gang drilling machine
- Multiple spindle machine
- Automatic drilling machine
- Deep hole drilling machine
- Vertical deep hole drilling machine
- Horizontal deep hole drilling machine
1. Portable Drilling Machine
These types of a drilling machine are commonly used in all the workshops. Used to drill small sized holes. It is operated by holding in a hand. The workpiece where the hole is to be drilled is held in a vice.
2. Sensitive Drilling Machine
This types of drilling machine used to drill small holes at high speeds in lighter jobs or workpieces. The machine may be mounted on the bench or floor & the drilling work is started with the drill fed into the workpiece by purely hand control. Since the operator senses the cutting action at any instant it is called as the sensitive drilling machine. These machines are capable of drilling small holes of diameter as small as 0.35 mm to 15 mm. These machines run at a higher speed as high as 2000 rpm.
- Upright Drilling Machine :- It is larger in size and stronger than sensitive drilling machine. It is used for drilling medium and large-sized holes. Based on the type of column used it is classified as a round column and box column upright drilling machines
4. Gang Drilling Machine
- This machine consists of the number of drill heads placed side by side so that more than one hole of same or different sizes can be drilled at a time on the same job or on different jobs
- The space between drill spindles is varied to suit the gap between the holes. This type of machine tool is used to drill a large number of holes in the same job at a faster rate.
- The main advantage of this type of machine tool is that the series of operation can be performed with different spindle mounted with different tool bits on the same workpiece by moving it from one position to another position.
5.Multi Spindle Drilling Machine This machine tool is similar to a gang drilling machine in construction. It is used to drill the number of hole in the same work piece simultaneously and to reproduce the same work in a number of similar jobs.
6Automatic Drilling Machine
- This types of drilling machine can perform a series of machining operations at successive units and transfer the work from one unit to the other automatically.
- Once the work is loaded at the first machine, the work will move from one machine to the other where different operations can be performed and the finished work comes out from the last unit without any manual handling.
- This type of machine is intended purely for production purposes and may be used for milling, honing and similar operations in addition to drilling and tapping.
7. Deep Hole Drilling Machine
This may be the either horizontal or vertical type of machine. In this drilling machine, the part to be drilled is rotated and the drill bit that makes the hole is kept stationary. Deep hole drilling is done in components like rifle barrels, crankshafts, long shafts etc.
Drilling Machine Tools
Drill: A drill is a fluted cutting tool used to originated or enlarge a hole in a solid material. Drills are manufactured in a wide variety of types and sizes.
Following are the different types of tools used in drilling machine:
- Flat or spade drill tool
- Straight fluted drill tool
- Two-lip twist drill tool
- Parallel shank (short series or ‘’ jobbers’’ twist drill)
- A Parallel shank (stub series) twist drill
- Parallel shank (long series) twist drill
- A Parallel shank twist drill
- Taper shank core drill (Three or four fluted)
- Oil tube drill
- Centre drill
1. Flat or Spade Drill
A flat drill is sometimes used when the same sized twist drill is not available. It is usually made from a piece of round tool steel which is forged to shape and ground to size, then hardened and tempered.
The cutting angle varies from 90 to 120 and the relief or clearance at the cutting edge is 3to 8. The disadvantage of this type of drill is that each time the drill id ground the diameter is reduced. Further, it cannot be relied upon to drill a true straight hole, since the point of the drill has a tendency to run out of a centre.
Another difficulty of using this type of drill is that the chips do not come out from the hole automatically, but tends to pack more or less tightly, if deep holes are to be drilled.
2. Straight Fluted Drill:
A straight-fluted drill has grooves or flutes running parallel to the drill axis. A straight-fluted drill may be considered as a cutting tool having zero rakes. This type of drill is inconvenient in standard practice as the chips do not come out from the hole automatically. It is mainly used in drilling brass, copper or other softer materials.
In drilling brass, the twist drill tends to advance faster than the rated feed and the drill digs into the metal. No such difficulty occurs in the use of a straight fluted drill. When drilling sheet metal, the straight fluted drill does not tend to lift the sheet as does the twist drill.
3. Twist Drill
This is the most common type of drill used today is the twist drill. It was originally manufactured by twisting a flat piece of tool steel longitudinally for several revolutions, then grinding the diameter and the point
The twist drill is an end cutting tool. Different types of twist drills are classified by Indian standard Institution according to the type of the shank, length of the flute and overall length of the drill.
3.1 Parallel Shank (short series or ‘’jobbers’’ twist drill)
The drill has two helical flutes with a parallel shank of approximately the same diameter as the cutting end. The diameter of the drill ranges from 02 to 16 mm increasing by 02 to 03 mm in lower series to 025 mm in higher series. Fig 5.36 illustrates the drill.
3.2 Parallel Shank (stub series) twist drill
The drill is a shortened form of the parallel shank twist drill, the shortening being on the flute length. The diameter of the drill ranges from 05 to 40 mm increasing by 03 mm in lower series to 025 to 05 mm in higher series. Fig. 5.37 illustrates the drill.
3.3 Parallel Shank (long series) Twist Drill
The drill has two helical flutes with a parallel shank of approximately the shank diameter as the cutting end, which however does not exceed the diameter at the drill point.
The overall length of the drill is the same as that of a taper shank twist drill of the corresponding diameter. The diameter varies from 1-5 to 26mm increasing by 0-3mm in lower series to 0-25mm in higher series.
3.4 Taper Shank Twist Drill
The drills have two helical flutes with a tapered shank for holding and driving the drill. The shank for these drills conforms to Morse tapers.
The diameter ranges from 3 to 100mm. The diameter increases by 0-3mm in lowest series having Morse taper shank No. 1, by 0-25mm in lowest series shank number 2 and 3, by 0-5mm in Morse taper shank No. 4, and by 1mm in Morse taper shank number 5 and 6.
The use of Morse taper shank below 6mm size is not preferred. A drill gauge enables any drill to be readily selected by gauge.
4. Taper Shank Core Drill (three or four fluted)
These drills are intended for enlarging cored, punched or drilled holes. These drills cannot originate a hole in a solid material because the cutting edges do not extend to the centre of the drill.
The metal is removed by a chamfered edge at the end of each flute. Cored drills produce better-finished holes than those cut by ordinary two fluted drills.
The cutting action of a core drill is similar to that of a rose reamer and it is often used as a roughing reamer. In some cases, a two fluted twist drill is chosen to originate a hole half the required size and the rest is finished by a three or four fluted drills.
5. Oil Tube Drill
The oil tube drills are used for drilling deep holes. Oil tubes run lengthwise spirally through the body to carry oil directly to the cutting edges.
Cutting fluid or compressed air is forced through the hoes to the cutting point of the drill to remove the chips, cool the cutting edge and lubricate the machined surface.
6. Centre Drill
The centre drills are a straight shank, two fluted twist drills used when centre holes are drilled on the ends of a shaft. They are made in finer sizes.
1. Drilling
Drilling is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole by removing metal from the rotating edge of a cutting tool called the drill.
The drilling is one of the simplest methods of producing a hole. Before drilling the centre of the hole is located on the workpiece by drawing two lines at right angles to each other and then a centre punch is used to produce an indentation at the centre.
The drill point is pressed at this centre point to produce the required hole. Drilling does not produce an accurate hole in a workpiece and the hole location is not perfect.
The internal surface of the hole so generated by drilling becomes rough and the hole is always slightly oversize than the drill used due to the vibration of the spindle and the drill. A 12mm drill may produce a hole as much as 0-125mm oversize and a 22mm drill may produce one as much as 0-5mm oversize.
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